the inaccurate identification and recognition of one’s bodily state Gao, Raine, & Schug, 2012). Indeed, psychopathic individuals exhibit somatic aphasia (i.e. Impairments in autonomic functioning could lead to risky or inappropriate behavior if individuals are unable to experience or label somatic changes and connect them to relevant emotional experiences. ![]() anxiety) that can inform decision-making processes. ![]() sweaty palms) may reflect emotional states (e.g. The somatic marker hypothesis ( Bechara & Damasio, 2005) suggests that ‘somatic markers’ (e.g. Appropriately linking autonomic conditions to emotional states is important in socialization processes such as fear conditioning, which is thought to contribute to the development of a conscience. Alternatively, the sensation-seeking hypothesis suggests that blunted psychophysiology is an uncomfortable state of being, and in order to achieve homeostasis, individuals engage in antisocial behavior to raise their arousal levels ( Portnoy et al., 2014 Raine, 2002).Īnother mechanism that could connect disrupted autonomic functioning to antisocial behavior is the failure to cognitively associate physiology responses with emotional states. The fearlessness hypothesis suggests that antisocial individuals, due to their blunted autonomic functioning, are not deterred from criminal behavior because they do not experience appropriate physiological responses to risky or stressful situations nor potential aversive consequences ( Portnoy et al., 2014 Raine, 2002). Theories have been proposed to explain how blunted autonomic functioning could increase antisociality. #Human brain mapping impact factor 2015 skin#For example, males and females who exhibited high rates of proactive aggression (an instrumental, predatory form of aggression elicited to obtain a goal or reward) in early adolescence were found to have poorer skin conductance fear conditioning in late adolescence ( Gao, Tuvblad, Schell, Baker, & Raine, 2015 Vitiello & Stoff, 1997). However, there is likely a positive feedback loop whereby blunted autonomic functioning may lead to increased antisocial/criminal behavior, which in turn may reinforce disrupted physiological activity. Longitudinal studies have found low resting heart rate in adolescence to be associated with increased risk for criminality in adulthood ( Latvala, Kuja-Halkola, Almqvist, Larsson, & Lichtenstein, 2015 Raine, Venables, & Williams, 1990). Blunted autonomic functioning has been associated with increased antisocial behavior, including violence ( Baker et al., 2009 Choy, Farrington, & Raine, 2015 Gao, Raine, Venables, Dawson, & Mednick, 2010 Portnoy & Farrington, 2015). ![]() Both capture autonomic nervous system functioning skin conductance reflects sympathetic nervous system functioning while heart rate reflects both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity. Two common psychophysiological measures are heart rate and skin conductance (i.e. Psychophysiology, or the levels of arousal within individuals, has become an important biological explanation for antisocial and criminal behavior.
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